At Bowers, our expertise is based on almost 50 years of analysis and accumulated knowledge of the Short Line Railroad industry.
In that time, we have served more than 150 railroad clients.
We are also a member of the American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association and have prepared and presented numerous webinars regarding the railroad retirement system, which is not an easy system to navigate.
However, with a little help from this article, we can make it a little less painful.
How is Railroad Retirement Different from Other Retirement Plans?
In order to understand railroad retirement, you first must first recognize that it is NOT a retirement plan.
It is a federally mandated tax
It is a federally mandated tax.
It’s important to note, if you work in the railroad industry for a covered employer, you are required to participate.
In lieu of Social Security
The Railroad Retirement program is in lieu of Social Security (SS).
While it works with the Social Security Administration on some things, it is run by a separate government organization called the Railroad Retirement Board.
A closed system paid for by the railroad industry
It is a closed system, self-sufficient and paid for by the railroad industry.
It is designed to serve as a supplemental piece of retirement for railroad workers.
What Is the Railroad Retirement Board and How Does it Work?
The Railroad Retirement Board (RRB) is responsible for the operations of the Railroad Retirement system.
What the RRB is
RRB was founded in 1935 and is an independent Federal Agency that is fully funded by Railroad taxes.
Their main concern has always been looking out for employees riding the rails and following the work from line to line, keeping the freight lines of the country moving.
How Railroad Retirement is administered
The RRB administers Railroad Retirement with similar but different funding and benefit structures than Social Security.
Railroad Retirement (RR) benefits, as well as the overhead operation of the RRB, are all paid for with a small percentage from payroll taxes of railroads.
How the system is financed and invested
Financing for the Railroad Retirement system is through investments of the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust (NRRIT), an independent organization run by a board of trustees.
The NRRIT manages and invests Railroad Retirement assets.
How an Employer Becomes Part of the System
Railroad Retirement is not optional.
Common carrier status and covered employer status
If you are deemed to be a common carrier by the STB, then you are required to file under railroad retirement.
To obtain common carrier status, first you file with the Surface Transportation Board (STB) wherein you will become a common carrier.
Next you must apply to the RRB to become a covered employer.
The application and approval process
There is an application that needs to be filled out.
This is specific to your line from the RRB, which will go to the Audit & Compliance Department.
Then it is vetted by the General Counsel, which can take months.
Lastly, it will be submitted to a three-person board to be voted on.
What does that mean for your new entity if this process takes so long?
What does that mean for your new entity if this process takes so long?
If you are purchasing assets of another railroad, you do not get their common carrier status.
Also, if you are forming a brand-new railroad, you must apply right away to the STB.
Operating while waiting on an RRB determination
You are not able to perform any duties until you are approved by the STB.
Once approved by the STB, you can then start operating, even if you are waiting on RRB.
You then set up your payroll under FICA and withhold Tier II taxes and accrue the liability to be paid once RRB determination is received.
When approval from the RRB is make, then amended returns will be required to file.
Once the amended returns are filed, the funds will be transferred appropriately between the two systems.
Benefit Structure of Railroad Retirement
Railroad employers and employees pay higher retirement taxes than those under Social Security, which results in higher benefits.
The three parts of RR
In order to provide the higher benefits, RR is split into three different parts:
- RR Medicare
- Tier I
- Tier II
Rates, maximums, and RR Medicare
Rates and maximums are set and distributed annually to each railroad from the RRB in a Program Letter.
Railroad Retirement Medicare was added to Railroad Retirement to equal the Medicare coverage of the Social Security Administration.
RR Medicare does not have a maximum earnings base.
However, there is an additional 0.9% Employee Medicare tax for wages over $200,000 in both systems.
What the withholding covers
These parts of RR are withheld from all railroad employees, which cover retirement, disability, spousal, and survivor benefits.
These benefits are subject to federal income taxes, the same as Social Security.
Tier I
RR Tier I is similar to Social Security in that it provides the retirement portion.
The RR Tier I tax rate is set by Congress, and the employer matches this dollar for dollar.
The financial interchange after 1951
After 1951, a financial interchange was created to allow SS and RR to collect and exchange funds for retirees based on a determination of jurisdiction.
Thus, a retiree deemed to not be covered by RR has their withholdings transferred to SS.
Conversely, a retiree determined to be under the RR jurisdiction, who worked both inside and outside of the rail industry, has their regular withholdings from the outside job transferred from SS to RR.
Tier II
RR Tier II tax is taken in addition to the Tier I and RR Medicare taxes.
The purpose of RR Tier II tax was to provide additional benefits that would be comparable to the original stand-alone private pension plans that existed prior to the establishment of this system.
The Tier II tax is paid by both employee and employer.
However, there is no dollar for dollar match.
The employer pays 13.1% while the employee pays 4.9%.
What Is Required to be Vested?
In order to be vested and qualify for RR coverage, a railroad employee needs at least 5 years or 60 months of railroad service over their lifetime.
Normal retirement age and early retirement reduction
The normal retirement age is 65-67 depending on the year the employee was born.
There is an early retirement reduction of anywhere from 20 to 30%.
The 30-year exception
There is a special industry specific exception for employees who have at least 30 years of creditable service.
They can retire early at the age of 60 with no reductions.
Delayed retirement
Conversely, for those who choose to work longer, Tier I benefits are increased by a certain percentage for each month an employee delays retirement past full retirement age, up until age 70, about 8% a year.
RUIA coverage
Additionally, when you become vested in RR, you are automatically covered under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act (RUIA).
This covers unemployment and sickness, which are two benefits that the Social Security Act does not cover.
Employees are exempt from regular federal and state unemployment and must go through an application process directly through RRB for both unemployment and sickness benefits.
How RR and SS connect
Railroad Retirement is a complex multi-faceted program, which is independent but also linked to the Social Security program.
Therefore, despite the two systems being separate, the future outlook of SS does have a direct impact on RR.
However, RRB projections in 2015 suggest that the system will remain stable for the next 20 years.
Thankfully, the system was set up to allow for more security.
Additionally, being able to operate separately for the past 80 years has allowed Railroad Retirement to grow, change and remain untapped by the Federal Government.
FAQ
Railroad Retirement is a complex multi-faceted program, which is independent but also linked to the Social Security program.
Is Railroad Retirement optional?
Railroad Retirement is not optional, and if you work in the railroad industry for a covered employer, you are required to participate.
Is Railroad Retirement a retirement plan?
In order to understand railroad retirement, you first must first recognize that it is NOT a retirement plan.
It is a federally mandated tax.
What is the Railroad Retirement Board?
The Railroad Retirement Board (RRB) is responsible for the operations of the Railroad Retirement system.
How does Tier I connect to Social Security?
After 1951, a financial interchange was created to allow SS and RR to collect and exchange funds for retirees based on a determination of jurisdiction.
Thus, a retiree deemed to not be covered by RR has their withholdings transferred to SS.
What does it take to be vested?
In order to be vested and qualify for RR coverage, a railroad employee needs at least 5 years or 60 months of railroad service over their lifetime.